REPORTED SPEECH.
Hay dos formas de repetir lo dicho por otra persona:
§ En estilo directo, que consiste en repetir con exactitud sus palabras. Para ello nos valemos de las comillas (que encierran la frase literal), así como ponemos dos puntos o una coma para separarlas de las otras palabras incluidas en la misma oración.
Ejemplo: “ I’ am ill’, she said “ (‘Yo estoy enferma’, dijo ella “).
· En el estilo indirecto decimos lo mismo, pero con nuestras propias palabras. Para ello nos valemos de una oración subordinada introducida por la partícula "que" y se efectúan algunos otros cambios.
Ejemplo: “She told me that she was ill” (“Ella me dijo que estaba enferma”).
En una frase en estilo indirecto podemos encontrar dos partes:
§ Una primera parte introductoria que incluye el verbo, que es el que introduce lo que se va a contar: “say” (“decir”), “tell” (“contar”), “mention” (“mencionar”), “order” (“ordenar”), “suggest” (“sugerir”), “ask” (“pedir”, “preguntar”), “wonder” (“preguntarse”), “insist” (“insistir”), “invite” (“invitar”), “offer” (“ofrecer”), “thank” (“agradecer”), “warn” (“advertir”), “remind” (“recordar”), etc. Dicho verbo introductor casi siempre va en pasado.
Por ejemplo: “Peter said that…” (“Pedro dijo que…”), “Mary told me that...” (“Mary me contó que…”).
Por ejemplo: “Peter said that…” (“Pedro dijo que…”), “Mary told me that...” (“Mary me contó que…”).
· Una segunda parte que es lo que alguien dijo sobre algo.
Por ejemplo: “…he had suffered a terrible accident that morning” (“…él había sufrido un terrible accidente esa mañana”), “…she was looking for her brother all morning” (“…ella estuvo buscando a su hermano toda la mañana”).
Como puede observarse, al transformar una oración del estilo directo al indirecto se produce una serie de cambios. Lo primero de todo es quitar las comillas, pues ya no son palabras textuales.
Los pronombres personales sujeto también cambian. “I” (“Yo”) pasaría a ser “he” o “she” (“él” o “ella”).
“We” (“nosotros”) queda igual si la persona que habla se encuentra dentro del grupo, si no está dentro del mismo se convierte en “they” (“ellos/as”). “You” (“tú”, “vosotros/as”) podría ser ahora “I”, “we”, “he”, “she”, “they” o “us”.
Igual sucede con los posesivos: “my” se transformarían en “his” o “her”; “our” en “their” u “our” (si se incluye en hablante); “your” sería “his”, “her” o “your”; “mine”: “his” o “her”; “”ours” pasa a “theirs” u “ours”; etc
Tiempos verbales:
ESTILO DIRECTO | ESTILO INDIRECTO |
Presente simple I am happy I sleep | Pasado simple He said he was happy He said he slept |
Presente continuo I am feeling happy I am sleeping | Pasado continuo He said he was feeling happy He said he was sleeping |
Presente perfecto I have been happy I have slept | Pasado perfecto He said he had been happy He said he had slept |
Presente perfecto continuo I have been feeling happy I have been sleeping | Pasado perfecto continuo He said he had been feeling happy He said he had been sleeping |
Pasado simple I was happy I slept | Pasado perfecto He said he had been happy He said he had slept |
Pasado continuo He said he was feeling happy He said he was sleeping | Pasado perfecto continuo I have been feeling happy I have been sleeping |
Pasado perfecto | Pasado perfecto |
Futuro simple I will be happy I will sleep | Condicional simple He said he would be happy He said he would sleep |
Condicional simple He said he would be happy He said he would sleep | Condicional perfecto He said he would have been happy He said he would have slept |
Futuro continuo I will be flying to Chicago I will be staying at a good hotel | Condicional continuo I will be flying to Chicago He said that he would be staying at a good hotel |
Will I will sleep | Would He said he would sleep |
Would, Could, Might, Should, Ought to Jonh: "I would work in the garden" | No change John said that he would work in the garden |
Must / Have to I must sleep | Had to / Must He said he had to sleep |
May I may sleep | Might He said he might sleep |
Can I can sleep | Could He said he could sleep |
CONTINUOS FORMS am/are/is + verb + ing was/were + verb + ing has been + verb + ing had been + verb + ing | was/were + verb + ing had been + verb + ing |
Hay sustituciones de unas palabras por otras, tales como demostrativos y expresiones de lugar o tiempo:
ESTILO DIRECTO | ESTILO INDIRECTO |
Today | That day |
Yesterday | The day before / the last day / the previous day |
Tomorrow | The next day / the following day / the day after |
This week | That week |
Next ----- | The following ----- |
Last ----- | The ----- before / the previous ----- |
----- ago | ----- before |
Tonight | That night |
Now | Then / in that moment |
The day before yesterday | Two days before |
The day after tomorrow | Two days later |
Here | There / that place (o un lugar específico) |
This | That |
These | Those |
Las frases interrogativas no mantienen el orden propio de este tipo de oraciones, sino que se ponen en orden enunciativo (es decir, primero el sujeto y después el verbo). Igualmente, cuando en la respuesta hay que decir sí o no, la segunda oración va introducida por el condicional “if”.
ESTILO DIRECTO | ESTILO INDIRECTO |
“How old are you”, he asked | He asked me how old I was |
What do you know about animals? | He asked me what I knew about animals |
“Do you have a car?”, she asked | She asked me if I had a car |
En las oraciones imperativas afirmativas el verbo pasa a infinitivo con “to”. En las negativas, añadimos “not to”. El sujeto no hace falta ponerlo en ninguna de ellas.
ESTILO DIRECTO | ESTILO INDIRECTO |
“Do your homework”, the teacher told the class | The teacher told the class to do their homework |
He said to me: “close the door” | He said to me to close the door |
She said to me, "Buy bread" | She ordered me to buy bread |
“Don´t do that!”, she ordered | She ordered not to do that |
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