MODALS AND PERFECT MODALS

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EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERXISE 3

MAY MIGHT AND OTHER MODAL VERBS

MAY or MIGHT

BRITISH COUNCIL MODAL VERBS: HAVE TO, MUST...

BRITISH COUNCIL MODAL VERBS: CAN COULD WOUL LIKE

 BRITISH COUNCIL MODAL VERBS: MAY MIGHT COULD 

NEEDN'T  DON'THAVE TO

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv317.shtml

NEEDN'T or DON'T NEED

NEEDN'T DON'T HAVE TO....

NEEDN'T HAVE

EXERCISES

Baja el PDF del ejercicio de MAY y MIGHT aquí.

MAY MIGHT QUIZZ 1

B1/PET GRAMMAR EXAM

OXFORD EXERCISE

EXERCISE

EXPLANATIONS AND EXERCISES

MAY MIGHT EXERCISES

  Modal Verbs TestModal Verbs Test 2Should vs. Must Test  Modal Verbs for Ability Test  Modal Verbs for Advice TestModal Verbs for Advice Test 2  Modal Verbs for Obligation Test  Modal Verbs for Possibility TestModal Verbs for Possibility  Test 2  Modal Verbs for Requests TestModal Verbs for Requests Test 2

MODAL VERBS

Can, could, be able to....Modal verbs

Practica la diferencia entre los diferentes tipos de habilidad en el pasado:

CAN y COULD se pueden utilizar en preguntas para pedir permiso o habilidad duradera (can, can't para presente, could-couldn't para pasado).  Habilidades generales, hábitos. 


"Could" se utiliza cuando nuestras propias habilidades han hecho posible que se realizase un hecho. Pasado

En el primer ejemplo "When I was a child, I could read without glasses". "Cuando era niño podía leer sin gafas", es debido a la habilidad o la característica de la persona que realiza la acción.

Be able to, para el resto de estructuras: will, shall, present perfect, gerundio... Situación puntual en el pasado.

habilidad de hacer algo en una situación específica( was- wasn't/were-weren't able to), esta habilidad requiere esfuerzo y unas condiciones favorables).

"Was able to" implica,  la capacidad para hacer algo, que las circunstancias sean favorables para ello.

-"Dad didn't have any money on him, but fortunately he was able to use his credit card to pay the bill". Mi padre no llevaba dinero encima, pero afortunadamente pudo utilizar su tarjeta de crédito para pagar la cuenta. 

En éste caso, las circunstancias fueron favorables (tenía tarjeta, la tarjeta no fue rechazada, etc)


EXERCISES 

1. The police  (catch) the thief shortly after the robbery.

2. He  (cycle) for hours when he was a kid and he wouldn't feel tired.

3. She  (not/ write) until she was 10.

4. We  (not/ fix) the central heating, so we had to call the technician.

5. The house was on fire, but he  (escape) through the chimney.

6. People  (not/travel) abroad under the communist regime.

7. I  (study) all day and all night when I was a student.

8. She  (not/answer) all the questions, so she failed her exam.

EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
Modal Verbs. Explanations and exercises

Answers. Exercise 1

1. Capacidad de hacer algo en una situación  puntual, en el pasado.
2. habilidad general o hábito en el pasado
3. habilidad general o hábito en el pasado
4.  Capacidad de hacer algo en una situación puntual, en el pasado. 
5. Capacidad de hacer algo en una situación puntual, en el pasado. 
6. habilidad general o hábito en el pasado
7. habilidad general o hábito en el pasado
8. Capacidad de hacer algo en una situación puntual, en el pasado. 

MODAL VERBS

MAY or MAY NOT

• Para posibilidad presente o futura. Dudas,  incierto
• Para pedir permiso amable y cortésmente.
• Pensamos que algo es posible.
• Con frecuencia para expresar como de seguros estamos sobre algo, basados en información que tenemos

MAY +HAVE +PAST PARTICIPLE, era posible en el pasado.

MIGHT or MIGHT NOT

§   Posibilidad presente o futura, la posibilidad es poquito menor que con MAY.

Dudas, incierto

§   Para pedir permiso pero es mejor MAY

§   Como pasado de MAY.

MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE, cuando algo era posible en el pasado. Hechos pasados

SHOULDN’T OR SHOULD NOT

§   Para aconsejar, sugerir o recomendar no hacer algo. Que no es correcto.

§   Shouldn’t have +past participle para expresar arrepentimiento o criticar hechos del pasado.

I shouldn’t have gone out late last night but I did

MUSN’T OR MUST NOT (prohibition)

• No usar en una conversación cara a cara es mejor usar shouldn’t.

You should be more careful. CORRECT

• Para decir que es necesario o importante de no hacer algo.

We musn’t forget to tell them about the party

DON’T HAVE TO or NEEDEN’T

§         En prensente: darle permiso a alguien para que no haga algo en el futuro inmediato.

You don’t need to /needn’t hurry. There’s plenty of time

§   No  necesito hacerlo, no es obligatorio.

You don’t have to go to the party if you don’t want to.

I don’t have to pay for the tickets. They’re free.

§   Needn’t sin to se usa para negativas e interrogativas. Pasado need + have+ Pp

You needn’t go.

§   Needn’t con to, para afirmativas para expresar necesidad general.

Don’t need to find a job.  DIDN’T NEED TO

Vegetarians think that we don’t need to kill animals to eat.

MODAL VERBS

CAN

SHOULD, SHOUDN'T

MUST, HAVE TO AND NEGATIVE FORMS

  MUST (obligation)

                    

                                                                                                                                   

            Self imposition or to others. Very strong advice

STRUCTURE

      ( +) SUBJECT + MUST + INFINITIVE VERB (without TO) + C

      (-)   SUBJECT + MUSN'T/ MUST NOT + INFINITIVE VERB  (without TO)

      (?)   MUST + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE VERB  (without TO)?

• We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

         There's no heating on. You must be freezing.

         You must be worried that she is so late coming home.

          I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.

         It must be nice to live in Florida.

• We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)

          I must go to bed earlier.

          They must do something about it.

          You must come and see us some time.

          I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

•      MORAL OBLIGATION, OPINION

                to say what you think is necessary, or to recmmend someone to do something

                I haven't spoken to Sue for ages. I must phone her (I say this is necessary)
                Mark is a really nice person. You must meet him (I recommend this)

•       I NEED TO DO SOMETHING 

                I'm very hungry.  I must eat something
                It's a fantastic film. You must see it
                The windows are very dirty. We must clean them

•       IS OFTEN USED IN WRITTEN RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS

                Applications for the job must be received by 18 May  
                You must write your answers in ink (exam instruction)
             
                EXERCISE 1
                EXERCISE 2
                EXERCISE 3

MUSTN'T(prohibition)

     

• We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example:

           Passengers must not talk to the driver.

• Must not expresses prohibition - something that is not permitted, not allowed. The prohibition can be subjective (the speaker's opinion) or objective (a real law or rule).

          Look at these examples:

          I mustn't eat so much sugar. (subjective)
          You mustn't watch so much television. (subjective)
          Students must not leave bicycles here. (objective)
          Policemen must not drink on duty. (objective)

• It's necessary that you do not do it (so don't do it). It's the wrong thing to do.

         You must keep it a secret. Yo musn't tell anyone (don't tell anyone)
         I promised I would be on time. I musn't be  (I must be on time)
         You musn't touch the pictures (don't touch the pictures)

• We can use must not to talk about the present or the future:

           Visitors must not smoke. (present)
           I mustn't forget Tara's birthday. (future)

• We cannot use must not to talk about the past. We use other structures to talk about the past, for example:

         We were not allowed to enter.
          I couldn't park outside the shop.

          EXERCISES- MUST OR MUSN'T
          ANSWERS

SHOULDN'T (prohibition)

Moral prohibition or light advice.

You shouldn't the new film- it's terrible!

You shouldn't throw banana skins on the ground floor

HAVE TO (obligation)

       

• We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circunstance makes the obligation necessary

         The speaker is not giving his/her own opinion

           I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.

           We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.

           You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.

            I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

            I have to work from 8.30 to 5.30 every day (a fact, not an opinion)

• In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

          I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.

          We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

• I have to do something so it is necessary to do it, I am obliged to do it

          You can't turn righ here. You have to turn left
          I have to wear glasses for reading

• Use have to with will and might or may

          If the pain gets worse, you'll gave to go to the doctor
          I might/may have to work late tomorrow evening

• We use do/does/did in question and negative sentences (for the present and past simple)

           What do I have to do get a new driving licence? (not What have I to do?)
           Karen doesn't have to work Saturdays ( not Karen hasn't to)

EXERCISE 1

DON'T HAVE TO (no obligation)

   

We use have to to talk about strong obligation that comes from somewhere else, for example from you boss, you parents, a rule at school or work.         I have to be home by ten. (My parents told me so.)         I must be home by ten. I have a very difficult day tomorrow. (It is my own decision.)        I have to get up early, because I start work at 8. (It is a rule.)        I should get up early. (Now I stay in bed until lunchtime.) Don't have to means that there isn't any obligation at all, there is no need to do it.           You don't have to tell him, but you can if you want to           I don't have to be at the meeting, but I think I'll go anyway Don't have to is different from shouldn't and mustn't.           I don't have to get up early at weekend.         (I can stay in bed as long as I want.)         You mustn't tell lies. (It is very bad to tell lies.)         You don't have to go with me.         (You can go with me if you want to.)          You shouldn't smoke. (It is bad for your health.) In spoken British English you can also use haven't got to.          I haven't got to take my sister to school, my parents do it. FORMAL ENGLISH: do(es)n't have to         EXERCISES-MUST OR HAVE TO         EXERCISE 2- MIX         EXERCISE 3- MIX SHOULD Correct behavier)  or OUGHT TO Less strong advice. MORAL OBLIGATION. You should go: an old person needs your seat ADVICE You should watch the new film- it's fantastic! DEDUCTION Level of possibilities Must: high level or possibility. In fact. No doubt It must be John ("it"a person knocks the door) May: permission(given or request)           under possibility.It's not very sure           It's sometimes absolute possibility It may be John Might: some doubt. It's not very sure might it's better than may It might be John Can't: zero possibilities I can't be John (the person is wearing a skirt)

MODAL VERBS

Verbos modales

Los verbos modales en Inglés son:

can, could, may, might, will, would, should and must .

Características de los verbos modales

·                     Se usan antes de los infinitivos de otros verbos y muestran el grado de seguridad, obligación, etc. de las acciones que se llevan a cabo.

·                     No llevan 's' en la 3º persona del singular.
Ej. She must help me ( Ella debe de ayudarme )

·                     después del verbo modal usamos el infinitivo sin el 'to'. Ej. You must go to the doctor (Debes ir al médico )

·                     Se usan para describir el grado de certeza: seguro, probable, posible o imposible y para expresar la obligación y la libertad de acción.

Grados de Certeza:

·                     Certeza total: must, mustn't, will, won't, can, can't.

·                     Probabilidad, posibilidad: Should, shouldn't, may, may not

·                     Débil probabilidad o posibilidad: might, might not, could, couldn't

·                     Condicionalidad o posibilidad: Would, wouldn't, could, couldn't.

Grados de obligación:

·                     Obligación fuerte: must

·                     Prohibición: must not, can't

·                     Obligación débil: should, might, may

·                     Voluntad, insistencia y ofrecimientos: will, would

·                     Permiso: can, may, might

·                     Habilidad: can

Verbos Modales (V) - "Would"

·  El verbo modal "would" (pasado de "will") se utiliza acompañado del infinitivo "to like" para expresar ofrecimientos e invitaciones: 

Would you like a cup of coffee?	¿ Te gustaría una taza de café ?
Would you like to come with us?	¿ Te gustaría venir con nosotros ?
Would he like a piece of cake?	¿ Le gustaría un trozo de pastel ?

·  También se utiliza para manifestar deseos o realizar peticiones de una manera cortés:

I would like to be rich.	Me gustaría ser rico
I would like your help.	Desearía tu ayuda
Would you lend me your car?	¿ Me prestarías tu coche ?

·  Aparte de estos usos como verbo modal, "would" también se utiliza para formar el condicional:

If that car was cheaper, I would buy it.	Si ese coche fuera más barato, lo compraría
If it didn't rain, we would go to the beach.	Si no lloviera, iríamos a la playa

·  Así como para formar el futuro de de una acción que se desarrolla en el pasado:

He said that he would buy the tickets.	El dijo que él compraría las entradas
I thought that I would go to the movies.	Yo pensaba que iría al cine

 NEGATIVE  FORM: WOUDN'T

Verbos Modales (I) - "Can"

·  El verbo "can" es un verbo modal que significa que algo es posible (posibilidad) o que alguien es capaz de hacer algo (habilidad). Este verbo se utiliza siempre acompañado de un verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En los verbos modales la tercera persona del singular no añade la "s" que incorporan los demás verbos en inglés.  

I can play tennis.	Yo puedo jugar al tenis
He can open the window.	El puede abrir la ventana

·  El verbo "can" no tiene infinitivo (no existe "to can"); tan sólo tiene presente ("can") y pasado ("could"). Para construir el futuro se utiliza la combinación "to be able" (ser capaz) en su forma futura.

I can listen to music.	Yo puedo oír música
I could listen to music.	Yo podía oír música
I will be able to listen music.	Yo podré oír música

·  Asimismo, para formar los tiempos compuestos y continuos, hay que recurrir igualmente a la combinación "to be able" en sus tiempos respectivos.

Present perfect	I have been able to listen music.
Present continuous	I am being able to listen music.
Past perfect	I had been able to listen music.

·  La forma negativas de "can" en presente es "can not" (o su abreviada "can't") y en pasado "could not" (o su abreviada "couldn't").

I cannot go to the party.	Yo no puedo ir a la fiesta
She couldn't carry the suitcase.	Ella no podía llevar la maleta.

·  En las frases interrogativas "can" se coloca al  comienzo de la interrogación, con una estructura similar a la que vimos para los verbos "to be" y "to have"

Can you come with us?	¿ Puedes tú venir con nosotros ?
Could she finish her work?	¿ Pudo ella finalizar su trabajo ?

Verbos Modales (II) - "Must"

·  El verbo "must" es también un verbo modal, que tampoco tiene infinitivo (no existe "to must"). Este verbo modal tiene dos acepciones principales. En su primera acepción se utiliza para indicar que estamos seguros de que algo es cierto.

He must have gone.	El debe haberse ido (estoy seguro de que él se ha marchado)
You must speak English very well.	Tú debes hablar inglés muy bien (estoy seguro de ello)

·  La forma pasada se construye "must have + past participle del verbo principal".

He must have finished his work.	El debe haber finalizado su trabajo
You must have won the match.	Tú debes  haber ganado el partido

·  En su segunda acepción, "must" se utiliza para indicar que es necesario hacer algo, expresando una opinión del que habla.

You must answer the telephone.	Tú debes contestar el teléfono (yo entiendo que es tu obligación)
She must study English.	Ella debe estudiar inglés (ésta es mi opinión)

·  En esta segunda acepción, "must" sólo se utiliza en el presente y en el futuro.

You must study today.	Tú debes estudiar hoy
You must study next week.	Tú debes estudiar la próxima semana

·  La negación es "must not" (o su forma abreviada "musn't"), que significa que es necesario no hacer algo.

You musn't go there.	Tú no debes ir allí
He mustn´t sell his house.	El no debe vender su casa

·  Y la forma interrogativa se construye colocando "must" al comienzo de la interrogación.

Must you water the garden?	¿ Debes tú regar el jardín ?
Must we play now?	¿ Debemos nosotros jugar ahora ?

Verbos modales (IV) - "Should"

·  El verbo modal "should" se utiliza para indicar conveniencia:

You should come with us.	Tú deberías venir con nosotros
I should study German.	Yo debería estudiar alemán
He should work harder.	El debería trabajar más duro

·  Se diferencia, por tanto, de "must", ya que éste indica obligación: 

You must do your homework.	Tú debes hacer tus deberes
You should do your homework.	Tú deberías hacer tus deberes

·  También se utiliza "should" para indicar que algo es probable que ocurra en el futuro: 

She has studied so hard that she should pass her exams.	Ella ha estudiado tanto que debería aprobar sus exámenes
I should be at home by 10 o'clock.	Yo debería estar en casa antes de las 10

·  Su forma negativa es "should not" (o la abreviada "shouldn't"):

She shouldn't go alone.	Ella no debería ir sola
You shouldn't be so disagreeable.	Tú no deberías ser tan desagradable
He shouldn't come back so late.	El no debería volver tan tarde

·  En el pasado se utiliza la forma "should + have + past participle del verbo principal" para indicar lo que se debería haber hecho y no se hizo:

You should have called me.	Tú deberías haberme telefoneado
She should have prepared her exams.	Ella debería haber preparado sus exámenes
My brother should have come.	Mi hermano debería haber venido

LOS VERBOS MODALES "MAY" Y ”MIGHT

AY"

El verbo modal "may" significa “poder” (con el sentido de que algo puede ser posible):

“He may be lost” - “El puede estar perdido”
“She may want to come with you” - “Ella puede querer venir contigo”

Se puede utilizar su forma pasada "might" (“podría”) prácticamente con el mismo significado, aunque "may" indica un mayor grado de probabilidad:

He might be at home" - "El podría estar en casa"
"He may be at home" - "El puede estar en casa"

Ambas formas, "may" / "might", también se utilizan para pedir permiso de una manera educada ("might" es incluso más cortés):

“May I close the door ?” – “¿Puedo cerrar la puerta?”
“Might I close the door?” – “¿Podría cerrar la puerta?”

Las formas negativas son "may not" y "might not" (o su forma abreviada "mightn't"):

“He may not be here” – “El puede no estar aquí”
“He mightn't be here” – “El podría no estar aquí”

Para indicar posibilidad en el pasado utilizamos la estructura siguiente: "may / might + have + past participle del verbo principal". Ejemplos:

 “He may have come yesterday” - “El puede haber venido ayer”
“He might have come yesterday” - “El podría haber venido ayer”

También se pueden utilizar ambas formas para indicar posibilidad en el futuro:

“This summer I may go to England” - “Este verano yo puedo ir a Inglaterra”
“This summer I might go to England” - “Este verano yo podría ir a Inglaterra”